[Prevalence of anal-vaginal colonization of Streptococcus agalactiae in third trimester of pregnancy and susceptibility to macrolides and lincosamides, in pregnant women controlled at Clínica Alemana Temuco, Southern Chile]. / Prevalencia de portación vaginal-anal de Streptococcus agalactiae en el tercer trimestre de gestación y susceptibilidad a macrólidos y lincosamidas, en mujeres embarazadas de Clínica Alemana Temuco, Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is the most common agent in early neonatal sepsis. Strategies incorporating universal screening for maternal colonization show the lowest rates of perinatal infection. A significant increase in resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin by GBS has been reported around the world. There are no published data regarding prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in southern regions of Chile. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is essential to define the drugs of choice and alternatives, in an institution that applies prevention protocols, as Clinica Alemana Temuco (CAT) does. OBJECTIVES: to determine the prevalence of carriage of GBS in vaginal-anal areas at end of pregnancy, in CAT, Araucanía Region, Chile. To determine the susceptibility to erythromycin and clindamycin of GBS strains isolated. RESULTS: 1,181 pregnant women were included; 167 were positive for GBS (14.4% of colonization). Sixteen were resistant to erythromycin (9.5%); 15 of these strains were also clindamycin resistant. Twenty-three of 167 were resistant to clindamycin (13.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rate of GBS colonization was lower than previously reported in other regions of Chile. Due to the high rates of resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin it is necessary to widen the study of susceptibility to other antimicrobials to have alternatives in allergy to penicillin (primarily cefazolin and vancomycin).

Prevalencia de portación vaginal-anal de Streptococcus agalactiae en el tercer trimestre de gestación y susceptibilidad a macrólidos y lincosamidas, en mujeres embarazadas de Clínica Alemana Temuco, Chile / Prevalence of anal-vaginal colonization of Streptococcus agalactiae in third trimester of pregnancy and susceptibility to macrolides and lincosamides, in pregnant women controlled at Clínica Alemana Temuco, Southern Chile

Introduction: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is the most common agent in early neonatal sepsis. Strategies incorporating universal screening for maternal colonization show the lowest rates of perinatal infection. A significant increase in resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin by GBS has been reported around the world. There are no published data regarding prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in southern regions of Chile. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is essential to define the drugs of choice and alternatives, in an institution that applies prevention protocols, as Clinica Alemana Temuco (CAT) does. Objectives: to determine the prevalence of carriage of GBS in vaginal-anal areas at end of pregnancy, in CAT, Araucanía Region, Chile. To determine the susceptibility to erythromycin and clindamycin of GBS strains isolated. Results: 1,181 pregnant women were included; 167 were positive for GBS (14.4% of colonization). Sixteen were resistant to erythromycin (9.5%); 15 of these strains were also clindamycin resistant. Twenty-three of 167 were resistant to clindamycin (13.7%). Conclusions: The prevalence rate of GBS colonization was lower than previously reported in other regions of Chile. Due to the high rates of resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin it is necessary to widen the study of susceptibility to other antimicrobials to have alternatives in allergy to penicillin (primarily cefazolin and vancomycin).

Introducción: Streptococcus agalactiae es el más frecuente causal de sepsis neonatal precoz. Las estrategias con pesquisa universal de colonización materna muestran las tasas más bajas de infección perinatal. Se ha reportado un significativo aumento de resistencia de S. agalactiae a eritromicina y clindamicina en el mundo. No existen datos publicados de prevalencia y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en las regiones del sur de Chile. La vigilancia de resistencia es fundamental para definir los antimicrobianos de elección y alternativas para prevención del cuadro en instituciones que apliquen estrategias de prevención, como Clínica Alemana Temuco (CAT). Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de portación de S. agalactiae en la región vaginal-anal de mujeres embarazadas de tercer trimestre en CAT. Determinar la susceptibilidad a eritromicina y clindamicina de las cepas aisladas. Resultados: 1.181 embarazadas fueron incluidas. 167 resultaron S. agalactiae (+) (14,4% de colonización). Diez y seis eran resistentes a eritromicina (9,5%). Quince de ellas también lo eran a clindamicina. Veintitrés de 167, eran resistentes a clindamicina (13,7%). Conclusiones: La tasa de prevalencia de colonización (14%) fue más baja que lo reportado anteriormente en el centro del país. Debido a la alta tasa de resistencia a clindamicina y eritromicina se hace necesario aumentar el estudio de susceptibilidad a otros antimicrobianos alternativos en pacientes alérgicas a penicilina (principalmente cefazolina y vancomicina).

Resistencia a los antimicrobianos en agentes causantes de infección del tracto urinario en 11 hospitales chilenos: proyecto PRONARES / Antimicrobial resistance of agents causing urinary tract infections in 11 chilean hospitals: PRONARES project

Background: the computer program WHONET generates a common database to analyze local or general antimicrobial resistance of bacteria. A surveillance of agents causing urinary tract infections in Chile has been performed using this program. Aim: to report the results after 12 months of urinary tract infection agent surveillance. Material and methods: since november, 1997, a surveillance of in vitro antimicrobial resistance, using agar diffusion techniques, has been performed in 20 to 40 bacterial strains per month, isolated from 11 hospitals in the country. Results have been analyzed using WHONET program. Results: in first 12 months, 3144 strains, 1625 coming from outpatients, have been studied. Seventy four percent of isolated strains were E. coli, 19 percent were other enterobacteria, 4.1 percent were non fermenting bacilli and 2.1 percent were Gram (+) cocci. Sixty five percent of E coli strains were resistant to ampicillin, 11 percent to cefazolin, 2.5 percent to cefuroxime, 19 percent to ceftriaxone, 9 percent to ceftazidime, 4.2 percent to gentamicin 1.3 percent to amikacin, 5.6 percent to ciprofloxacin, 8.4 percent to grepafloxacin, 4.3 percent to nitrofurantoin and 43 percent to trimeproprim/sulphamethoxazole. Eighty two percent of other enterobacteria strains were resistant to ampicillin, 45.5 percent to cefazolin, 33.5 percent to cefuroxime, 26.6 percent to ceftriaxone, 21.5 percent to ceftazidime, 30.3 percent to gentamicin 17.2 percent to amikacin, 21 percent to ciprofloxacin, 16.3 percent to grepafloxacin, 48.2 percent to nitrofurantoin and 44.6 percent to trimeproprim/sulphamethoxazole. There were differences in betalactamic resistance among hospitals. Conclusions: noteworthy is the high resistance rates to third generation cephalosporins, evidenced when the new cutoff values for E coli and klebsiella spp are used. This national surveillance provides updated information on antimicrobial resistance of agents causing urinary tract infections